Expressionism in The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari - Literature Essay Samples

Expressionism is a term which refers specifically to an artist tendency that became popular in the early 20th century. Expressionism itself was not founded by a solo artist; instead it formed from the influence of other artistic movements, paired with the political and social status of that time. Expressionism pioneered in Germany in the first decades of the 20th century, and was originally formed from progressive artists and writers in search of a deeper, more spiritual meaning to life. These men and women sought a more emotional perception of our world, steering away from the idea of a materialist society and a place of industrialisation. The movement offered a new way of viewing art; German film industry grew throughout the war, using film for overt militarist propaganda. However the need for propaganda ceased when the war came to a close, leading to unconventional film makers such as Carl Mayer and Hans Janowitz to seek a new, unconventional and stylised fashion. They began to ta ke inspiration from existing forms of expressionism such as literature and architecture. Expressionism is widely acknowledged to be based around the inner state of an individual; ‘it seeks to convey emotional and psychological states, rather than a realistic representation of the world’[1]. It reflects the unsettled emotional state of a character by way of pure cinematic technique. The artist of an expressionist piece will attempt to depict subjective emotions in art form, rather than objective reality. The use of distortion, exaggeration and fantasy are used to convey this motion, artists relying heavily on the effects of infrequent angles, colour and defining bold lines to create a distorted version of reality. The elaborate TV set design makes any expressionist film easily identifiable; location shots were non-existent due to filmmaker’s seeking a design challenging and stemming away from the relatable world. This was in-keeping with the fact that Germany was in poverty at this time, resulting in low-budgets films. The sets would be entirely man-made with bold-angled buildings often creating the sensation that the world created is close to collapsing into itself. The Cabinet of Dr Caligari conforms to the typical gothic horror genre of 1920’s German Expressionism. The film is based on the distinctive theme of an outcast individual, in this case featuring the story of a deranged hypnotist who uses a somnambulist to commit murders. The film is said to be the pinnacle of Expressionism, and is considered the quintessential work of Hans Janowitz and Carl Mayer. Being a silent movie, the film’s script is subtitled in a consistent theme on the screen, however is not heavily relied upon to narrate the storyline. Instead, the primary focus of the film is on the aesthetics, and uses the twisted visual style to convey what is happening throughout. German Expressionism, being highly influenced by existing artist movements, takes inspiration from both Film Noir and the Romantic period. Film Noir, originating in France, saw the introduction dark downbeat themes and featured the consistent use of shadows to convey deeper meaning. Whilst creati ng The Cabinet of Dr Caligari, Robert Wiene adapted this use of shadows in-keep with the idea of a distorted reality, deciding to use shadows and streaks of light painted directly onto the sets, echoing art pieces that had originally formed the first wave of German Expressionism. The use of shadows plays a key role in the film; often shadows are used to exaggerate unnatural and monstrous traits of characters. The character of Dr Caligari features conventional characteristics expected of horror genre, such as a hooked nose or hunched back, these characteristics are effectively amplified through the use of lighting. Wiene uses shadows and the casting of shadows to highlight and exaggerate those traits that we as the audience universally identify with horror. The unnatural body features that we relate with horror appear larger and therefore convey to the audience that this character is to be feared. The use of shadows to exaggerate is a conventional technique used within gothic genre and German Expressionism overall. German Expressionism similarly takes inspiration from Romanticism. The romanticism movement strived to alter attitudes towards a deeper appreciation of the sanctity and beauty of life. The art movement focuses away from the pace of industrialization and opposed economic development. German Expressionism relates to this idea, it concentrates on and explores the idea of a spiritua l life deeper than our own. ‘German Expressionism stemmed from the ideas of Romanticism, which is based around â€Å"mysticism and magic†. These ideas flourished after the war, as German’s were finding themselves connected to the dark forces and ghosts of this idea.[2]’ This idea is widely explored by Wiene within The Cabinet of Dr Caligari; the secondary-focused character of the somnambulist uses hypnotism to coerce Dr Caligari’s premeditated victims. The practice of hypnotism is an illustration of the distinctive supernatural aspects that German Expressionism explores. From a more in-depth point of view however, the story itself is narrated omnisciently, from a God-like perspective, linking to the idea of mysticism and a deeper meaning to life. In relation to style, The Cabinet of Dr Caligari features aesthetics that greatly express the pinnacle of German expressionist cinema. Wiene chose to used oblique backdrops to portray the sought after crook ed landscapes and buildings. The buildings are intended to articulate a person’s inner state and mind-set; the distorted buildings represent suppressed and unconscious desires and emotions. To do this, the backdrop uses harsh lines and sharp brush strokes to paint a distorted and arguably mangled setting. The unnatural building shapes convey an almost grotesque atmosphere, and the twisted sculptures communicate the painted town is close to collapsing into itself. The film also uses nightmarish shapes and surreal nature permeating every scene. This grotesque and surreal atmosphere is effective in amplifying the gothic horror genre, and is an established example of Expressionist cinema. Robert Wiene’s camera and editing techniques include a mix of shots; the opening and closing of a shadow frame is often used to swap in and out of scenes, and to focus in on a character’s face. As the prospect of angular distortion is primary within German Expressionism, Wiene chos e to convey this in the camera angles themselves. ‘Wiene engaged this distortion of set construction to further enhance the angular consistency of his photography’[3]. The camera angles are often slanted rather than asymmetric, and inconsistent to symmetrical expectations, resulting in an exaggeration of the twisted and surreal shapes in the backdrop. A key method used throughout this film is open shots; often with the lighting focussing on Dr Caligari himself whilst other characters pass through the shot. This gives the impression if the deranged character holding some form of power within the scene; he holds his position whilst others pass carelessly in and out of shot. This also exaggerates the theme of isolationism within the film. The character is identifiably an outsider and an outlandish individual, through the use of these shots, Wiene communicates that the protagonist is someone to be feared, contributing to the genre of gothic horror. Chiaroscuro lighting, a f orm of lighting that depicts sharp contrasts between light and shadow, is a technique adapted from Film Noir that has been used widely throughout German Expressionist cinema. It manipulates contrasted light and shadow created by light falling unevenly or from a particular direction on to an object or character. The Cabinet of Dr Caligari uses this expressionist technique to stimulate tension and horror; the high contrast form is effective in highlighting certain characteristics. For example, when the light falls unevenly onto the face of the somnambulist, his blackened eyes become bold and grotesque and the audience are made aware that this character possesses an element of the supernatural. One scene in the film features Francis going to the police station, the light that fell down to the stairs in this scene was made by paint. This expressionist method of painting lighting onto the set design is effectively used by Wiene in this film, film makers who seek a German Expressionist ae sthetic might chose this as it is a device that enables them to have control of the lighting. They may choose to exaggerate a character’s size by minimizing the amount of apparent light that can escape them. Painting the lighting on also gives the film makers control of maintaining the expressionist feel within the film. Expressionism is consistent in The Cabinet of Dr Caligari, which is due to Wiene’s choice to maintain these aesthetics of twisted and morphed setting; the lighting is an imperative method in order to do so. Being an articulation of an art movement, the acting within The Cabinet of Dr Caligari did not play a major role in the film. The primary focus in the film was indisputably the aesthetics and mis-en-scene; however there is a distinct over-dramatization in the portrayal of characters in German Expressionist cinema, and The Cabinet of Dr Caligari is no exception. The acting techniques within this film revolve around exaggeration, facial expressions ar e prolonged and dragged out, since there is no dialogue present, the story must be articulated in other ways. Body language was also bold and dramatized; Dr Caligari himself communicates unnerving attributes through body language, his hunched back and unnaturally strange movements echoes the twisted and diverse nature of the setting. The somnambulist’s movements are often more controlled and restrained, due to being controlled by Dr Caligari. This portrayal is conveyed in the scene where he moves across the ground in search of Jane; as he moves you can see his motions are slow and deliberate, it therefore looks as if he is one of the shadows painted on the walls of the set. There is a well-defined theme of loneliness and alienation within The Cabinet of Dr Caligari. As commented on before, held within frames is an ambiance of seclusion between Dr Caligari and the towns people, the character holds his position whilst others pass through the frame as if he weren’t there, amplifying his outlandish characteristics. There is a hint of disorientation created through the aesthetics of the film, which also reinforces the madness within the character. The angles used represent the distorted mind of the character, exaggerating his deranged mentality. On a deeper level, isolationism can be seen in the town itself – Wiene incorporates a still at the beginning of the film of the German town, the image features a typical fairy tale like layout, in the style of Expressionist art. The town is shown to be on a hill, all buildings slanted and twisted towards the highly placed church at the top of the hill. This image represents a fantasy landscape however uses dark tones and shadows in order to signify the unnatural elements within it. The overall expressionist layout conveys a town of alienation, away from civilization. A small town way from the rest of society provides a private setting for any crimes committed, foreshadowing the horror that will occur. T here was an element of social hypocrisy within The Cabinet of Dr Caligari; the film featured a series of narrative implications to capture a sense of dread that was unique to Germany. Post-war memories within the German public impacted societal attitudes towards the film. The film was classed as a response, from Mayer and Janowitz, to the governmental authority. The expressionist movement rose from the need to boost morale is thus related to post-war Germany it reflects Kracauer’s assertion that civilians were eager to â€Å"withdraw from a harsh outer world into the intangible realm of the soul.†[4] The aim of the new founded expressionist cinema was claimed to be to ultimately win back an export market after the First World War, filmmakers needed a complete restoration of German cinema after propaganda films were no longer needed. Hence, as well as boosting morale, a change of direction was needed. In this case, it can be said that German Expressionism was brought a bout in order to manipulate the negative attitudes of Germany and the recent German government. The hypocrisy stated therefore is that the recent art movement was a way to again, gain control through the German population. Kracauer states that Dr Caligari was symbolic of the German war government and fatal tendencies inherent in the German system, suggesting that the character of Dr Caligari himself could represent the authority and conformity of the German government. In this case, it can be said that the intent of the piece of expressionist film was to express power that the Weimar Government sought during this period. Intentionally or not, the character himself does idolise power, which links to this idea of social hypocrisy within the film. There was also an aim for the renovated cinema movement to reach out to a new ‘sofisticated’ Germany; the population sought after a restoration and with this, something to place hope into, and to follow the development of. This b rings me to its innovative ‘avant garde’ style. Avant garde is a term used to categorise the unorthodox and experimental, of which pushes the boundaries of what is accepted as cultural norm. The term can be related to modernism, in that new styles of work are experimentally constructed and introduced each day. The Cabinet of Dr Caligri can be considered a prime example of this. The expressionistic style offered aesthetic innovation to its German audience. Dispite the term ‘avant garde’ often being received critically and considered with initial unacceptability, German Expressionism cinema was widely appreciated when it first came about for its originality and radical respect for art. The Cabinet of Dr Caligari was among the first of its time to explore expressionism in cinema, and was described in a New York Times review as ‘coherent, logical [and] genuine’, suggesting the initial acceptance of the newly received art movement. Freud’s ps ychosis theory of the id and the ego is also present in The Cabinet of Dr Caligari; there is a reliable theme of good and evil that runs in the fundamentals of the storyline. The ego, being the conscious and rational aspect of a person’s mind set, and the id, which us the unconscious, both supposedly lie in everyone. Expressionist cinema commonly explored this theory, as it seemingly lent itself to the gothic horror genre. The id is represents the suppressed emotions that we all have a deep desire to express, Wiene uses this to create an effective anti-hero; the twisted mentality of Dr Caligari represents the id in its full form. Dr Caligari is an expression of the irrational ideology’s that we all possess and suppress as we mature, the subconscious idea that this was to be projected is used by filmmakers in order to create fear of the unknown. The deranged character is arguably an over dramatized version of this subconscious, which Wiene uses to ultimately create a fe arful character of which fits the the gothic horror genre. Similarly to other horror pieces of its time, such as Frankenstein, The Cabinet of Dr Caligari also uses the rational to triumph good over evil. I have evaluated the depth of German Expressionism within Wiene’s 1920’s The Cabinet of Dr Caligari. Looking at the film critically has enabled me to come to the conclusion that the film was the pinnacle of Expressionist cinema; the film captures the distorted and unorthodox aesthetics of the art movement, using elements of Film Noir and Romanticism to achieve this. The film’s dramatized acting and morphed set design are definitive components of an expressionist piece. Wiene’s avant garde attempt to bring expressionism into cinema screams modernity and a fresh perspective. The film can be considered the first gothic horror, using angular distortions and chiaroscuro lighting to stimulate fear within a cinematic viewing. [1] https://movingimageeducation.org/analyse-film/film-culture/expressionism [2] https://emmarobinsonfilm.wordpress.com/2012/05/01/expressionism-and-romanticism/ [3] http://www.gradesaver.com/the-cabinet-of-dr-caligari/study-guide/directors-influence [4] Daniel Talbot, Film: An Anthology Page 351

List of Topics For Presentation

List of Topics For PresentationIn a presentation, a list of topics for the presenter to discuss can be valuable. Presenters who like to see their lists written out are much more likely to get them done. However, with a list of topics available, it may be difficult to locate that one truly great topic.The truth is that there are many topics of interest to you and others about which you would like to write or speak about, but that are not very interesting. What usually happens is that the presenter takes out his or her laptop and goes through all the websites, and sites that interest him, and chooses a few interesting ones for discussion. It's time well spent, but it doesn't give the presenter a great, compelling topic to discuss.A good idea, when you go to a presentation, is to do some research on what you are going to speak about, and the audience. This is a very good way to get the topic you would want to discuss before the actual presentation. Some topics for presentation are relat ed to the topic that you would like to talk about.The good news is that even if you have never written a book about your topic before, you don't have to. You can simply find someone else's book, download it, read it cover to cover, and then simply 'swap' the title to your book title, and the contents, for your own. While it may not be necessary to have the entire book to use this method, a good portion of the book, perhaps all of it, may be useful to you.Another good source of topics for presentation may be the Internet. Research online for topics that you would like to write about, and make notes. You can then go on to do the same thing with the Internet. Perhaps you will find some websites that interest you, and it may be a way to get your topic written about.Publishing articles is another great idea for presenting your ideas. It is important that you understand that, writing an article about an idea does not mean that it will be published. You must consider your ability to presen t it, and that is much more important than just a great article.Finally, you can find a great topic for your presentation, but be very careful to note all of the requirements of the audience. Your notes should also be clear about any information or images that may be too graphic or offensive to the audience. These last two are usually not worth the risk, but it is the first two that you must be especially careful about.Presenting to audiences in professional development presentations is often times a challenge. But with a list of topics for presentation, you will be able to narrow down your ideas. You will be able to think clearly about topics of interest to you, and to discuss, for professional growth.

Historical Methodology - 2034 Words

Historical Methodology The Strange Career of Jim Crow, by C. Van Woodward, traces the history of race relations in the United States from the mid and late nineteenth century through the twentieth century. In doing so Woodward brings to light significant aspects of Reconstruction that remain unknown to many today. He argues that the races were not as separate many people believe until the Jim Crow laws. To set up such an argument, Woodward first outlines the relationship between Southern and Northern whites, and African Americans during the nineteenth century. He then breaks down the details of the injustice brought about by the Jim Crow laws, and outlines the transformation in American society from discrimination to Civil Rights.†¦show more content†¦Litwack writes that even though, â€Å"Railroads in Massachusetts and schools in Boston eliminated Jim Crow before the Civil War†¦Whites of South Boston boasted in 1847 that ‘not a single colored family’ lived among them.† [3] To further support this idea, Woodward explains how fervently Northern whites believed in their supremacy over African Africans. He effectively does so by citing Abraham Lincoln saying in 1858 that, â€Å"‘†¦I am not, nor every have been in favor of bringing about in any way the social and political equality of the white and black races†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬ [4] Even though the Northern states did not set a good example of racial equality for the Southern states, the years of Reconstruction did have a positive affect on Southern African Americans, as seen by the conditions in the South after Northern troops were removed in 1877. Woodward argues that segregation and injustice still was not as widespread in this post 1877 era as it was in the 1890’s. His argument is effective because he uses accounts from a variety of reliable sources to support his claim. For example, British Parliament member Sir George Campbell’s describes his 1879 trip across much of the South and surprisingly remarkes that, â€Å"‘the humblest black rides with the proudest white on terms of perfect equality†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬ [5] Instead of clear discrimination and separation, Sir Campbell wasShow MoreRelatedHistorical Development Of The Ruled Based System Methodology986 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical Development of the Ruled-based system meth odology 95 Computer-based clinical decision support (CDS) system employ decision rules that either uses procedure rules or production rules. A procedure is a compilation of data and logical statements that influence them by using control structures to control the decision-making flow. A rule-based system, utilizing a heuristic approach, comprises a set of statements called production rules. 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Evaluate the Organization’s Involvement and Responsibility to the Community free essay sample

Evelyn Hamilton, Aaron Pobleh and Regina Taylor CJA/474: Managing Criminal Justice Personnel November 26, 2012 Instructor: Pam McIver The term motivation and empowerment is a universal concept that is hoped to work towards the good of any organization. Motivation and empowerment does not come from rewards to employees but instead, recognition, responsibility and advancement. Leaders who are effective in motivating and empowering their staff have acquired a great achievement, which can increase efficiency, and self development of skills and abilities. When employers are concerned about the welfare and needs of their staff, this provides trust among staff. The purpose of this paper is to compare motivation and empowerment, define the components of empowerment, analyze the implications of empowerment and delegation in a criminal justice organization and analyze the role of trust in personnel issues. Compare motivation and empowerment Motivation and empowerment are two words that are very popular in every workplace. Generally when one mention motivation, everyone would think it is what employer gives their employees, unfortunately, motivation in the workplace goes way far beyond that. Motivating your employees gives them authority to do more work for you and do it better. According to businessdictionary. com, motivation is both internal and external factors which desire and energize people to become committed to a job, role, or subject, or to strive to reach a goal. While empowerment is management practices which allow the sharing of information, power, and rewards with employees so that they can take initiative, and make decision to solve problems, and improve themselves as well as enhance their performance (www. usinessdictionary. com). Everyone need to feel empowered regarding their work ethic on the job or being assertive in life challenges and changes, but without the key elements of self-motivation, assertiveness and the ability to make good decision how would they be able to motivate others. Mangers of an organization should show through their behavior and actions how provide the necessary skills to be productive and efficient. This in turn will produce hap pier employees. Define the components of empowerment In order to be an effective leader a person would need to be empowering by those below them and therefore allow them to take initiative on their own. A leader that has poor management skill fails to empower anyone underneath him. For example, an office manager as well as a beginner officer within the work place or in the field must feel good about performing on their own and not feeling they will be overly scrutinized regarding their errors. They must not fear the aftermaths or punishments for taking individual decision making. When this happens, employees began to shun management for fear always doing something wrong. Employers should provide positive communication to their staff (National Empowerment Center). There was a research designed to examine the concept word of empowerment in this programs sponsored by multiple examiner of the criminal justice it was first anticipated to create a working definition. After research the â€Å"elements of empowerment were identified, including access to information, ability to make choices, assertiveness, and self-esteem. Empowerment has both an individual and a group dimension (Tom Roger, 2011). This research studied participants in self-help programs for people with no self-motivation and the need for encouragement. At the beginning of the study,† it was stated numerous of the individuals involved empower in their research. It’s obviously the important theory concerning the essential to defining meaning of empowerment as part of the development. Although it â€Å"recognized that empowerment had elements in common with such concepts as self-esteem and self-efficacy, these concepts did not fully capture what was considered a distinctiveness about empowerment† (Tom Roger, 2011). In an earlier â€Å"debates empowerment was† considered â€Å"complex, multidimensional concept, and that it described a process rather than an event†. It was never â€Å"believe that an individual had to display every quality on the list in order to be considered† empowered (Tom Roger, 2011). Analyze the implications of empowerment and delegation in a criminal justice organization Today the style and practices of police leadership is changing rapidly. The term shared leadership is one being used by many police chiefs all across the country. They believe that this approach to management by sharing power and influence to individuals within the organization, who are otherwise hierarchical unequal, will view their leadership as a leadership which looks at the broader aspect of giving authority to employees which will allow them to make decisions, solve problems, and be held accountable for their actions (Mussellwhite, 2007). Whenever officers are empowered they become dedicated to their jobs. Because they are given the skills, resources, authority, opportunity to be motivated and committed to their jobs, roles, or duties. Something which is refers to as being dedicated. Employees empowerment in a police department which delegate assignments, allow officers to take responsibility of their jobs results. It also allows them to make decisions about it. When officers are delegated with responsibilities, it makes them think in decision making, take control, behave, and take actions responsively, because they know that they will be held accountable for their actions. Police departments that apply employee empowerment create an environment in which their officers are empowered, productive and are happy in their jobs. Such police departments do not limit their employees to information (Heathfield, 2012). Analyze the role of trust in personnel issues. The role of trust in personnel issues involves how employees relate and respond to their employer. For example, if an employer is more concerned about getting the job done employees will pick up on that and will respond to their employer in a negative way. But when employers’ show that they truly care about their employee’s well being they will respond in a positive way. It would be in the organizations best interest for employers to take time to get to know their employees. Employers should empower their staff by allowing them to make important decisions in reference to their day to day duties. This will cause employees to respect their employers which will also lead to trust. When employees trust and respect the organization they will do the best possible work they are capable of doing. This in turn will lead to accountability on the part of the employee (Mussellwhite, 2007). When an employer gains the trust of their staff, they will know how to motivate each individual person for the best outcome of the organization. Employees understand that no organization is a perfect organization. When employees know and feel important to the organization, respect and trust will deepen. Respect and trust will take an organization to higher creativity and increased efficiency (Forbes. com, 2009). Positive communication is the cornerstone to empowerment and trust within an organization. When employers take the time to consider their staff opinions and feedback on daily operations, this can cause higher productivity and increase efficiently. Employers should share information about the organization with their staff. This provides for a clear picture of how the organization is progressing or not progressing. This also produces trust among employees because employers trust their staff (Mussellwhite, 2007). Conclusion In conclusion, this paper compared motivation and empowerment, defined the components of empowerment, analyzed the implications of empowerment and delegation in a criminal justice organization and analyzed the role of trust in personnel issues. Motivation and empowerment is about providing production and management guidelines to employees and then allows them to operate in an independent manner. Empowerment and delegation within the criminal justice system involves sharing power and influence to individuals within the organization, who are otherwise hierarchical unequal. This leadership looks at the broader aspect of giving authority to employees which will allow them to make decisions, solve problems, and be held accountable for their actions. The components of empowerment are about communication, feedback and productivity. Employees should be trained properly so that trust is gained through empowerment. A motivated and empowered employee will respect and trust the organization which will lead to accountability and responsibility. Leaders can gain great achievement when they effectively motivate and empower their staff into self development of skills and abilities. References Chris Musselwhite, 2007. Inc. Motivation=Empowerment; retrieved on November 22, 2012 from www. inc. com/resources/leadership/articles/20070801 Employees Empowerment: How to Empower employees. Retrieved on November 22, 2012 from www. humanresources. about. com/od/employeeempowerment Empowerment in the Workplace ttp://ezinearticles. com/? Empowerment-in-the-Workplaceamp;id=6541445 Make sure your employees trust you or else. Forbes. com 2009. Retrieved from http://www. forbes. com/2009/03/23/trust-respect-employees-leadership-managing-blanchard. html. National Empowerment Center Article www. power2u. org/articles/empowerment/workingdef. html Susan Heathfield. 2012. What is Empowerment; Retrieved on November 22, 201 2 from www. businessdictionary. com/definition/empowerment. html What is Motivation; Retrieved on November 22, 2012 from www. Businessdictionary. com/definition/motivation. html